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J. T. Fields began as an apprentice in a Boston bookseller’s store and later became the most influential publisher in America, as partner of Ticknor & Fields. Fields was among the first publishers to be a friend to authors rather than their adversary. He was editor and publisher in one and, as Henry James said, managed to link the upper half of the title page with the lower. The publishing firm was later bought by H. O. Houghton, and became part of Houghton Mifflin.